久久亚洲国产成人影院-久久亚洲国产的中文-久久亚洲国产高清-久久亚洲国产精品-亚洲图片偷拍自拍-亚洲图色视频

Region rises from serfdom to self-determination

By Cui Jia and Palden Nyima | China Daily | Updated: 2019-03-28 09:51
Share
Share - WeChat
Nyima Tsering, from the Tibet Archives in Lhasa, checks documents from the former government of Tibet. PALDEN NYIMA/CHINA DAILY

In the Tibet Archives in Lhasa, the regional capital, China Daily reporters saw several documents from the former government of Tibet that recorded such trades, along with several petitions from serfs begging for their taxes to be reduced and a list of people required to provide free labor.

"My father had no control over his fate. All he could ever do was to survive. It's really hard to imagine life in such a society," Pagor said.

Zhang, from the China Tibetology Research Center, said: "Of course, the majority of the landlords and serf owners didn't want the social system to change because they didn't want to lose their power and privileges. However, a small number of them had started to notice that the old system barely allowed Tibetan society to function, let alone develop."

The serfs had no incentive to work, so productivity was extremely low, and the accumulated and ever-growing heavy debts imposed on them were impossible to repay, no matter how hard they worked. As a result, many fled, leaving the land unattended, despite knowing that they would face punishment when caught, according to Zhang.

A slave is forced to work in chains in the age of serfdom. XINHUA

"To punish them, cruel torture methods were introduced, such as skinning people alive and gouging out their eyes. Such cruelty is rare in the world," he said. "What's more, these punishments were often ordered randomly by the serfs' owners."

The population declined in some parts of Tibet. A document from Khesum village in Lhokha city, where Khesum Manor once stood, shows that when the Surkhang family built the house in the 17th century, 606 serfs belonged to the manor. About 300 years later, the number had fallen to 302.

Dewa, 82, was born a tralpa of Khesum Manor. She started working on the farmland when she was just 8 years old. "My family had to give almost everything we harvested to the manor. We starved most of the time. If we didn't hand in enough highland barley, our land would be taken back and we would become house slaves or have to beg," she said.

The mother of seven still feels heartbroken when she remembers the moment the master took her brother away and sent him to another manor: "We could do nothing but cry inside."

Guo Kefan, a researcher at the Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences in Lhasa, said most Tibetans had experienced severe oppression for a very long time, but they showed little resistance, largely because of their religious beliefs.

"They believed their current life was a punishment for bad behavior in a previous life, so they deserved to serve the masters. If they weren't willing to endure the hardship, they would continue to receive punishment in the next life," he said.

"Reform in Tibet had to come from the top. With the exception of a few aristocratic families who accumulated their wealth by becoming involved in trade with India in the early 20th century, the others had to exploit the serfs ever harder to maintain their lifestyle."

|<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next   >>|
Top
BACK TO THE TOP
English
Copyright 1995 - . All rights reserved. The content (including but not limited to text, photo, multimedia information, etc) published in this site belongs to China Daily Information Co (CDIC). Without written authorization from CDIC, such content shall not be republished or used in any form. Note: Browsers with 1024*768 or higher resolution are suggested for this site.
License for publishing multimedia online 0108263

Registration Number: 130349
FOLLOW US
主站蜘蛛池模板: 男女免费爽爽爽在线视频 | a级做爰片毛片视频 | 国产亚洲精品一区二区三区 | 久久久久久久久毛片精品 | 国产精品91在线 | 98国内自拍在线视频 | 日韩精品a| 国产精品成人观看视频网站 | 国产精品观看在线亚洲人成网 | 成人禁在线观看午夜亚洲 | 成年人色网站 | 国产日韩精品欧美一区 | 国产成人久久综合热 | 农村寡妇一级毛片免费看视频 | 国产欧美成人一区二区三区 | 99热精品在线免费观看 | 国产网站免费在线观看 | 亚洲国产午夜精品理论片的软件 | 日本美女一区二区三区 | 免费久久精品视频 | 欧美国产精品亚洲精品第一区 | 一级日韩| a毛片免费观看 | 国产孕妇孕交一级毛片 | 国产成人做受免费视频 | ffyybb免费福利视频 | 亚洲九九视频 | 欧美精品片在线观看网站 | 在线视频 国产交换 | 久久极品 | 中文字幕最新中文字幕中文字幕 | 国内精品91久久久久 | 国产dvd毛片在线视频 | 精品国产欧美一区二区三区成人 | 在线免费观看精品 | 久久久久久久国产a∨ | 国产成人精品视频午夜 | 美女18网站 | 最新国产美女肝交视频播放 | 一区二区三区四区在线 | 亚洲国产片 |