久久亚洲国产成人影院-久久亚洲国产的中文-久久亚洲国产高清-久久亚洲国产精品-亚洲图片偷拍自拍-亚洲图色视频

Region rises from serfdom to self-determination

By Cui Jia and Palden Nyima | China Daily | Updated: 2019-03-28 09:51
Share
Share - WeChat
Nyima Tsering, from the Tibet Archives in Lhasa, checks documents from the former government of Tibet. PALDEN NYIMA/CHINA DAILY

In the Tibet Archives in Lhasa, the regional capital, China Daily reporters saw several documents from the former government of Tibet that recorded such trades, along with several petitions from serfs begging for their taxes to be reduced and a list of people required to provide free labor.

"My father had no control over his fate. All he could ever do was to survive. It's really hard to imagine life in such a society," Pagor said.

Zhang, from the China Tibetology Research Center, said: "Of course, the majority of the landlords and serf owners didn't want the social system to change because they didn't want to lose their power and privileges. However, a small number of them had started to notice that the old system barely allowed Tibetan society to function, let alone develop."

The serfs had no incentive to work, so productivity was extremely low, and the accumulated and ever-growing heavy debts imposed on them were impossible to repay, no matter how hard they worked. As a result, many fled, leaving the land unattended, despite knowing that they would face punishment when caught, according to Zhang.

A slave is forced to work in chains in the age of serfdom. XINHUA

"To punish them, cruel torture methods were introduced, such as skinning people alive and gouging out their eyes. Such cruelty is rare in the world," he said. "What's more, these punishments were often ordered randomly by the serfs' owners."

The population declined in some parts of Tibet. A document from Khesum village in Lhokha city, where Khesum Manor once stood, shows that when the Surkhang family built the house in the 17th century, 606 serfs belonged to the manor. About 300 years later, the number had fallen to 302.

Dewa, 82, was born a tralpa of Khesum Manor. She started working on the farmland when she was just 8 years old. "My family had to give almost everything we harvested to the manor. We starved most of the time. If we didn't hand in enough highland barley, our land would be taken back and we would become house slaves or have to beg," she said.

The mother of seven still feels heartbroken when she remembers the moment the master took her brother away and sent him to another manor: "We could do nothing but cry inside."

Guo Kefan, a researcher at the Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences in Lhasa, said most Tibetans had experienced severe oppression for a very long time, but they showed little resistance, largely because of their religious beliefs.

"They believed their current life was a punishment for bad behavior in a previous life, so they deserved to serve the masters. If they weren't willing to endure the hardship, they would continue to receive punishment in the next life," he said.

"Reform in Tibet had to come from the top. With the exception of a few aristocratic families who accumulated their wealth by becoming involved in trade with India in the early 20th century, the others had to exploit the serfs ever harder to maintain their lifestyle."

|<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next   >>|
Top
BACK TO THE TOP
English
Copyright 1995 - . All rights reserved. The content (including but not limited to text, photo, multimedia information, etc) published in this site belongs to China Daily Information Co (CDIC). Without written authorization from CDIC, such content shall not be republished or used in any form. Note: Browsers with 1024*768 or higher resolution are suggested for this site.
License for publishing multimedia online 0108263

Registration Number: 130349
FOLLOW US
主站蜘蛛池模板: 香港三级日本三级人妇网站 | 亚洲韩国欧美一区二区三区 | 国产a自拍 | 日本污污网站 | 欧美日韩亚洲视频 | 国产美女在线精品亚洲二区 | 国产成人一区二区三区在线播放 | 一级做a爰 | 亚洲视频手机在线 | 手机在线精品视频 | 国产全部理论片线观看 | 欧美一级日韩一级 | 国产免费爽爽视频免费可以看 | 欧美一级特黄特黄做受 | 国产一区二区三区在线免费观看 | 免费观看成年人网站 | 午夜不卡在线 | 综合视频在线 | 亚洲国产大片 | 亚洲成人高清在线观看 | 2000xxxxav影院| 久久免费精品国产视频 | 亚洲欧洲eeea在线观看 | 国产精品国产欧美综合一区 | 九九综合九九综合 | 久久人视频| 成 人色 网 站 欧美大片在线观看 | 宅男毛片| 日本女人www | 久久久久亚洲视频 | 欧美片欧美日韩国产综合片 | 国产欧美日韩亚洲精品区2345 | 日本久久久 | 国产亚洲福利 | 蕾丝视频永久在线入口香蕉 | 亚洲最新网站 | 亚洲国产欧美另类 | 欧美成人激情 | 99精品在线视频观看 | 在线播放国产视频 | 91亚洲精品国产第一区 |